Obviously, it can work independantly. But to see the output
we need certain output devices like LED, Buzzer can be
connected to check its functionality. Without the help of
any o/p device connected we can check the functionality of
Microcontroller.
Avoid sleep , use GFP_ATOMIC instead of GFP_KERNEL in kmalloc
Verification is a front end process and testing is a post
silicon process.
verification is to verify the functionality of the design
during the design cycle.
Testing is find manufacturing faults.
Dirac delta is a continuous time function with unit area and
infinite amplitude at t=0.
the fourier transform of dirac delta is 1.
using dirac delta as an input to the system, we can get the
system respnose. it is used to study the behavior of the
circuit.
we can use this system behavior to find the output for any
input.
DMA deals with Physical addresses.
Only when CPU accesses addresses it refers to MMU(Memory
Management Unit) and MMU converts the Physical address to
Virtual address.
But, DMA controller is a device which directly drives the
data and address bus during data transfer. So, it is purely
Physical address. (It never needs to go through MMU &
Virtual addresses).
That is why when writing the device drivers, the physical
address of the data buffer has to be assigned to the DMA.
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