1. What are the different types of VSAM files available?
ESDS: Entry Sequence Data Set
KSDS: Key Sequence Data Set
RRDS: Relative Data Set
IDCAMS is the Access Method Services program. You run the IDCAMS program and supply AMS commands thru SYSIN. (examples of AMS commands are DELETE, DEFINE, REPRO etc..).
4. Syntax of AMS modal commands?
Note: these can be used only under IDCAMS and not from the TSO prompt.
IF LASTCC(or MAXCC) >(or <,= etc..) value -
THEN -
DO -
command set (such as DELETE, DEFINE etc..)
ELSE -
DO -
command set
LASTCC - Condition code from the last function(such as delete) executed
MAXCC - Max condition code that was returned by any of the prev functions
SET is also a valid AMS command. SET LASTCC (or MAXCC) = value
The maximum condition code is 16. A cond code of 4 indicates a warning. A cond code of 8 is usually encountered on a DELETE of a dataset that is not present.
The maximum condition code generated is returned as the condition code of the IDCAMS step.
6. What is Control Interval, Control Area?
Control Interval is analogous to a physical block for QSAM files. It is the unit of i/o. Must be between 512 bytes to 32 k. Usually either 2K or 4K. A larger control interval increases performance for sequential processing while the reverse is true for random access. Under CICS when a record is locked, the entire CI gets locked.
Control area is a group of control intervals. CA is used during allocation. CA size is calculated based on the allocation type (cyl, tracks or records) and can be max of 1 cylinder
Coded in the DEFINE as FREESPACE(ci ca) where ci is the percentage of each control interval to be left free for insertions, ca is the percentage of control intervals in each control area to be left empty.
8. How do you decide on optimum values for CI, FREESPACE etc?
CI size should be based on record length, type of processing. Usually CI is 4K. If record length is larger(>1K), chose 6K or 8K.
FREESPACE should be large if more number of insertions are envisaged. Usual values are (20 20) when heavy updates are expected. CI size can be calculated.
9. Would you specify FREESPACE for an ESDS?
No. Because you cannot insert records in an ESDS, also when you rewrite a record, it must be of the same length. Thus putting any value for freespace does not make any sense.
SHAREOPTS is a parameter in the DEFINE and specifies how an object can be shared among users. It is coded as SHAREOPTS(a b), where a is the cross region share option ie how two or more jobs on a single system can share the file, while b is the cross system share option ie how two or more jobs on different MVSes can share the file. Usual value is (2 3).
11. What is the meaning of each of the values in SHAREOPTS(2 3)?
Value of 2 for cross region means that the file can be processed simultaneously by multiple users provided only one of them is an updater. Value of 3 for cross system means that any number of jobs can process the file for input or output (VSAM does nothing to ensure integrity).
DEFINE CLUSTER(cluster name) with the INDEXED parameter. Also specify the ds name for the DATA component & the ds INDEX component. Other important parms are RECORDSIZE, KEYS, SHAREOPTIONS.
13. How do you define an ALTINDX ? How do you use ALTINDXs in batch, CICS pgms?
DEFINE ALTERNATEINDEX. Important paramters are RELATE where you specify the base cluster name, KEYS, RECORDSIZE,SHAREOPTIONS,UNIQUEKEY(or NONUNIQUEKEY), DATA(ds name for the data component), INDEX(ds name for the index component).
Then DEFINE PATH. Important paramters are NAME (ds name for the path), PATHENTRY (ds name of the alternate index name), UPDATE(or NOUPDATE) which specifies whether an alt index is updated when a update to the base cluster takes place.
Then BLDINDEX. Parameters are INDATASET(ds name of base cluster), OUTDATASET(ds name of AIX).
Using alternate indexes in batch pgms:
In the JCL, you must have DD stmts for the cluster and for the path(s). In the cobol pgm, SELECT .. ASSIGN TO ddname for base cluster RECORD KEY IS... ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS..
Using alternate indexes in CICS pgms:
FCT entries must be created for both base cluster & the path. To read using the alternate index, use the dd name of the path in CICS file control commands.
14. What happens when you open an empty VSAM file in a COBOL program for input?
A VSAM file that has never contained a record is treated as unavailable. Attempting to open for input will fail. An empty file can be opened for output only. When you open for output, COBOL will write a dummy record to the file & then delete it out.
15. How do you initialize a VSAM file before any operation? a VSAM with alternate index?
Can write a dummy program that just opens the file for output & then closes it.
16. What does a file status of 02 on a VSAM indicate?
Duplicate alternate key . Happens on both input and output operation
17. What are the types of VSAM datasets?
Entry sequenced dataset (ESDS), key sequenced datasets (KSDS) and relative record dataset (RRDS).
18. How are records stored in an ESDS, entry sequenced dataset?
they are stored without respect to the contents of the records and in the order in which they are included in the file.
19. What are the distinctive features of a KSDA, key sequenced dataset?
The index and the distributed free space.
This is the part of the index that points to the CA and CI of the record being accessed.
A cluster is the combination of the index, sequence set and data portions of the dataset. The operating system gives program access to the cluster, ie. to all parts of the dataset simultaneously.
22. What is an alternate index?
An AIX is a file that allows access to a VSAM dataset by a key other than the primary one.
The upgrade set is the list of all AIXes that VSAM must maintain for a specific base cluster, so that when data in the base cluster is updated, the AIX files are also updated.
If there isn't enough space in the control interval VSAM performs a control interval split by moving some records to the free control intervals. If there isn't a free control interval VSAM performs a control area split by allocating a new control area and moving half of the control intervals to it.
25. Do primary key values have to be unique? Do alternate key values have to be unique?
Primary key values must be unique; alternate key values need not be.
