GSM, which stands for Global System for Mobile communications,
reigns as the world's most widely used cell phone technology.
Cell phones use a cell phone service carrier's GSM network by
searching for cell phone towers in the nearby area.
The origins of GSM can be traced back to 1982 when the Groupe
Spécial Mobile (GSM) was created by the European Conference of
Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) for the
purpose of designing a pan-European mobile technology.
2. I know that the main function of bts is to air interface signaling. But why?
mobile station is normally mobile in nature which is an
advantage over pstn network . and in order to provide
connection to mobile station we use radio resource (air)...
in order to provide interface between mobile and bss . bts
is used.. a bts is responsible to cover a small geographical
area called cell...
3. Explain What is the deference between Rx Lev Sub and Rx Lev Full?
What you mean by Link Budget?
Rx_Level_Full is measured when DTX is off & Sub is when DTX
is on.
RX Lev Full: Its is nothing but the Mobile transmit the
measurment report(SACCH multiframe) for every 480ms. this
multiframe containes 104 TDMA frames, in 104 TDMA frames 4
TDMA frames for Decode the BSIC and remaining 100 TDMA
frames for Average measurment of serving cell and
neighbouring cell.This average measurment of 100 TDMA frames
are RX Lev Full
RX Lev Sub: DTX is a discontinouse trasmission, When the
mobile conversation 40% of the time either Trasmitter or
Receive is idle. When DTX is ON, DTX will switch off the
Trasmitter or Receiver when they is no speech Pulses. only
few TDMA frames will trasmit, the average of this TDMA
frames is called RX Lev Sub, give you proper measurment of
RX level
4. Tell me What is the difference between FER and BER?
Error ratios used in conjunction with GSM speech channels:
· Frame Erasure Rate, FER, is defined as the amount of swept speech frames (260 bits each)
divided by the amount of transmitted speech frames. The speech frame is swept if even one of
its most important 50 bits is observed not to be correct. The three parity bits following the 50
class Ia bits are used for error detection.
· Bit Error Rate, BER, is the ratio of erroneously received bits to all received bits. It is
important to notice that BER is evaluated before channel decoding, i.e. after equaliser. BER is
used for defining the RXQUAL value
5. Explain what is the relation between RXLEV [0 to 63] and rxlev [-110 to -47]?
Rx level 0 to 63 is GSM unit. While -110 to -47 is dbm
Rxlevel unit of GSM. When we will add 110 to Rxlevel
[dbm],it will get convert into GSM unit 0 to 63.
6. Explain about LTE and GSM internetworking.
Is it like GSM is used for backbone comm in LTE?
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next step from 3G/WCDMA &
HSPA for many already on the GSM technology curve but also
for others too, such as CDMA operators. This new radio
access technology will be optimized to deliver very fast
data speeds of up to 100Mb/s downlink and 50Mb/s uplink
(peak rates).
Designed to be backwards-compatible with GSM and HSPA, LTE
incorporates Multiple In Multiple Out (MIMO) in combination
with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
in the downlink and Single Carrier FDMA in the uplink to
provide high levels of spectral efficiency and end user data
rates exceeding 100 Mbps, coupled with major improvements in
capacity and reductions in latency. LTE will support channel
bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and both FDD and TDD
operation.
Although both LTE and WiMAX use the OFDMA air interface, LTE
has the advantage of being backwards compatible with
existing GSM and HSPA networks, enabling mobile operators
deploying LTE to continue to provide a seamless service
across LTE and existing deployed networks.
Several major mobile operators, including some running CDMA
networks today, have indicated they will adopt LTE in the
next few years. Japanese mobile operator NTT DOCOMO has said
that it is aiming to launch a commercial LTE network by the
end of 2009, while in the U.S., the largest CDMA operator,
Verizon Wireless, is currently trialing LTE with a view to
launching a commercial LTE service in 2010.
LTE- Advanced
LTE-Advanced extends the technological principles behind LTE
into a further step change in data rates. Incorporating
higher order MIMO (4x4 and beyond) and allowing multiple
carriers to be bonded together into a single stream, target
peak data rates of 1Gbps have been set.
LTE-Advanced also intends to use a number of further
innovations including the ability to use non-contiguous
frequency ranges, with the intent that this will alleviate
frequency range issues in an increasingly crowded spectrum,
self back-hauling base station and full incorporation of
Femto cells using Self-Organising Network techniques.
LTE-Advanced will be 3GPP's technology as a candidate for
the ITU-R IMT-Advanced process, which is intended to
identify ‘4G' technologies.
7. What is the main difference between GSM and CDMA?
The main difference between GSM and CDMA is: In GSM, the
entire frequency band is not available to the end-user,
while in CDMA the entire frequency band is available to the
end-user. So, the Frequency Re-use factor is 1 in CDMA.
GSM Works as follows:
---------------------
The entire frequency band is divided into chunks and
each such chunk is divided into timeslots and each such
portion is made available to a user.
CDMA Works as follows:
-----------------------
The entire frequency band is available to the user. So,
in order to differentiate, the transmission from each user
is "spread" or coded using an unique code given to
individual user. At the receiving end, the spread
information is decoded.
8. Which is the digital modulation used today in telecom?
Currently the digital modulation used in telecom is GSMK
GMSK is a form of modulation used in variety of digital
radio communication systems.It has an advantage4s of being
able to carry digital modulation while still using the
spectrum efficiently.
One of the problems with other forms of phase shift keying
is that the sidebands extend outwards from the main
carrierand this can cause interference to the other radio
communication systems using nearby channels.
9. What are the various blocks in GSM architecture?
these are the various block in gsm architecture -
1>BSS-Base Station Subsystem
a.MS
b.BTS
c.BSC
2>NSS-Network Swithing Subsystem
a.HLR
b.VLR
c.AUC
d.MSC
e.OMC
3>Public Network
a.PSTN
b.ISDN
c.Data Networks
10. Do you know what is Telecom regulatory body of India?
TRAI-Telecom Regulatory authority of India
it gives spectrum,it allocate new operator,and for which
circle u hve to provide your Network.
If operator cross thatCircle then TRAI can also ban that
operator or take Fine also.
11. Explain What is the difference between Diplexer and Duplexer and what position?
diplexer is used if we want to use same antenna line[feeder] for two different type of waves.like using same feeder for gsm n cdma transmission to gsm..even if to physically separateed antennas are there only a set of feeder will be required DUPLEXER is used if we want same antenna to transmit n receive..instead of using two separate ones..
12. What is the different between CDU C and CDU A?
CDU A uses filter combiner and c uses hybrid
13. How do you link a T1 from the 1st BTS to 2nd BTS?
There r so many ways o transferring E1/t1 FROM ONE BTS TO ANOTHER..used twisted pair cable w E1T1 card or RRI w in use but power off ..so many ways..
14. What is the value for TEI 1st T1?
SS7 is the protocol used for transmission of non voice dats transfer[signalling ],that r used for call setup etc
Small-scale integration; the process of concentrating semiconductor devices in a single integrated circuit.
16. Do you know what is GSM technology?
★ Short form of Global System for Mobile Communications, is a wireless network system
★ A standard for digital cellular mobile communications
★ International roaming arrangements are enabled among mobile network operators, by providing the subscribers to use their personal mobile phones anywhere in the world.
★ GSM is considered as second generation mobile, as signaling and speech channels are digital
★ The carriers can be replaced without replacing mobile phones.
★ The ubiquity of GSM implementations is also enabling the switching between network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors.
★ GSM pioneered low cost SMS implementation
★ The GSM standard includes a worldwide emergency telephone number feature.
17. What are the services offered by GSM Technology?
★ The services offered by GSM are ISDN compatible
★ GSM allows synchronous data and asynchronous data to be transported as bearer service, one of the telecommunication services offered by GSM, and forms ISDN terminal
★ The data could be either transparent service or nontransparent service
★ Telephony is one of the services offered by GSM, which an emergency and the service provider is notified by dialing 3 digits
★ By using appropriate fax adapter, G3 fax service is supported
★ One of the features of GSM is Short Messaging Service
★ Certain services, namely supplementary services are provided on top of teleservices or bearer services by GSM, such as, caller identification, call forwarding, multiparty conversations, barring outgoing calls and call waiting.
18. Explain the maximum data rate supported by a GSM system?
The maximum data rate supported by a GSM system is 9.6 kbps.
However there are extensions to GSM standard to improve throughput.
GPRS is one of the extended GSM service.
The extended standards of GSM allows theoretical data rates on the order of 114 Kbit/s, but with throughput closer to 40Kbit/s in practice.
19. What is sectorization of a cell in GSM Technology?
★ Sectorization is a process to cut down equipment costs in a cellular network. It influences in traffic load and cell size
★ Sectorization reduces co-channel interference, when applied to clusters of cells
★ The maximum traffic capacity of sector-ed antennas is more than omni directional antennas.
20. What is frequency Re-use in GSM Technology?
★ Frequency re-use is the key factor of cellular network ability for increasing both coverage and capacity.
★ Different frequencies are utilized by adjacent cells; however problem does not arise to determine the cell sufficiently far apart using the same frequency.
★ Reuse distance and the reuse factor are the two elements that influence frequency re usability
★ The frequency is 1/K, where K is the number of cells that cannot use the same frequencies for transmission.
21. What is transmitted power control in GSM Technology?
★ Transmitted power control is one of the technical mechanism used within some networking devices
★ TPC is used for preventing too much unwanted interference among wireless networks
★ The central idea is to automatically reduce the transmission output power used, when other networks are within the same range.
★ TPC reduces interference problems and increases the battery capacity
The power levels of a single mobile device can be reduced by 6dB
22. What is discontinuous transmission in GSM Technology?
★ Discontinuous Transmission, also known as DTX in short is a method of momentarily powering down a mobile set when there is no voice input to the set.
★ The overall efficiency of a wireless voice communication system is optimized by DTX.
★ Each speaker in a two way conversation speaks slightly less than half of the time.
★ The workload of the components in the transmitter amplifiers are made easy and reduces interference.
23. Which up-link/ down-link spectrum is allocated to following?
a. GSM - 900
b. DCS - 1800
★ GSM - 900: Up-link spectrum is 890.2-914.8 and down-link spectrum is 935.2-959.8
★ DCS - 1800: Up-link spectrum is 1710.2-1784.8, and down-link spectrum is 1805.2-1879.8
24. Name the algorithms used in following?
a. Ciphering
b. Authentication
★ Ciphering
The algorithm 129-EEA3 and 128-EIA3, 3GPP Confidentiality and Integrity Algorithm is used for ciphering in GSM
★ Authentication
The algorithm by name A3 is used for authentication in the GSM systems
This algorithm is used in implementing Subscriber Identity Module.
25. What is equalisation in GSM Technology
An adaptive equalizer is employed by a GSM receiver for overcoming the impact of non-ideal channel characteristics which are caused by multipath propagation.
Adaptive equalizer is required because the channel characteristics are often changing fast.
Tuning the for each time slot is done by the equalizer.
