1. Do you know How does the traceroute work?

Trace route finds out when the packet has reached the
destination point by including a port number that is outside
of the normal range. When it is received, a "port
unreachable" message is returned, enabling trace route to
determine the time length of the final hop.

2. Tell me what is the difference between tcp and udp?

TCP is Transmission Control Protocol and connection oriented
protocol.
UDP is User Datagram Protocol and connectionless protocol.
use in stock market for information sending and receiving.

3. Tell me What is the layered architecture of the Internet? In a wireless network, describe how each layer would be different from a wired network?

5- Layer architecture of the Internet:

Application (Layer 5)
Transport (Layer 4)
Network (Layer 3)
Data Link (Layer 2)
Physical (Layer 1)

Differences between wireless network and wired network:
(1) Wired network uses wires (e.g., twisted pair, coax,
fiber optic) as transmission
media in physical layer. Wireless network uses air waves,
which requires different coding,
modulation schemes.
(2) Interference and collision is much more severe in
wireless networks. Data link
layer in wireless network uses different techniques to avoid
collision and make sure data
was received.
(3) Wireless network needs to deal with device location and
handover in network
layer. In wireless ad hoc networks, routing can be different
than wired networks.
(4) No big difference between wireless and wired network in
transport layer.
(5) Application layer is unaware of the physical aspects of
the network. Application
layer in wired network supports services like FTP, SMTP etc.
One can also take the
physical layer characteristics into account when writing an
application.

4. Do you know What is the type of signaling used between two exchanges?

different type of signalling in used betweeb two
exchanges. its depend upon type of exchange some exchange
used q sig between each other some excahnges used isdn
between exchanges. so many other type. there are five tyope
of signaling is being used in the world

5. Explain Buffering?

Buffering is a method of overlapping the computation of a
job with its execution. It temporarily stores input or
output data in an attempt to better match the speeds of two
devices such as a fast CPU and a slow disk drive. If, for
example, the CPU writes information to the buffer, it can
continue in its computation while the disk drive stores the
information.

6. Tell me At what Frequency voice is sampled?

It is sampled at 8Khz as per Sampling theorem to reproduce
successfully in the other end.

8. Tell me What is the time taken for 1 satellite hop in voice communication?

The time taken for 1 satellite hop in voice
communication is 1/2 seconds

10. What is VSWR?

VSWR STANDS FOR VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO

THE RATIO OF THE MAXIMUM TO MINIMUM VALUE OF STANDING WAVE
PATTERN ALONG A TRANSMISSION LINE TO WHICH A LOAD IS CONNECTED.

IT SHOW HOW MUCH SIGNAL IS TRANSMITTED AND REFLECTED BACK.

USING SITE MASTER WE CAN MEASURE VSWR.
ITS RANG IS 1.00-1.30

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