1. What are the arguments present in pattern matching algorithms?
These are the following arguments which are present in pattern matching
Algorithms.
1) Subject,
2) Pattern
3) Cursor
4) MATCH_STR
5) REPLACE_STR
6) REPLACE_FLAG
2. Explain the function SUB in algorithmic notation?
In the algorithmic notation rather than using special marker symbols, generally people use the cursor position plus a substring length to isolate a substring. The name of the function is SUB.
SUB returns a value the sub string of SUBJECT that is specified by the parameters i and j and an assumed value of j.
3. In Algorithmic context how would you define book keeping operations?
Usually when a user wants to estimate time he isolates the specific function and brands it as active operation. The other operations in the algorithm, the assignments, the manipulations of the index and the accessing of a value in the vector, occur no more often than the addition of vector values. These operations are collectively called as “book keeping operations”.
The algorithm is easy to follow. X1 is first computed from the first equation and then substituted in the second to obtain X2 and so on.
Another common application is one in which most of the elements of a large matrix are zeros. In such a case, only the non zero elements need to be stored along with their row and column sub scripts.
5. Define and describe an iterative process with general steps of flow chart?
There are four parts in the iterative process they are
Initialization: -The decision parameter is used to determine when to exit from the loop.
Decision: -The decision parameter is used to determine whether to remain in the loop or not.
Computation: - The required computation is performed in this part.
Update: - The decision parameter is updated and a transfer to the next iteration results.
6. State recursion and its different types?
Recursion is the name given to the technique of defining a set or a process in terms of itself. There are essentially two types of recursion. The first type concerns recursively defined function and the second type of recursion is the recursive use of a procedure.
7. How can an inductive definition be realized?
An inductive definition of a set can be realized by using a given finite set of elements A and the following three clauses.
1) Basis Clause
2) Inductive clause
3) External clause
8. Explain about procedural body and computation boxes?
The procedural body contains two computation boxes namely, the partial and final computational boxes. The partial computation box is combined with the procedure call box. The test box determines whether the argument value is that for which explicit definition of the process is given.
9. Explain the depth of recursion?
This is another recursion procedure which is the number of times the procedure is called recursively in the process of enlarging a given argument or arguments. Usually this quantity is not obvious except in the case of extremely simple recursive functions, such as FACTORIAL (N), for which the depth is N.
10. State the problems which differentiate between recursive procedure and non-recursive procedure?
A recursive procedure can be called from within or outside itself, and to ensure its proper functioning, it has to save in same order the return address so that it return to the proper location will result when the return to a calling statement is made. The procedure must also save the formal parameters, local variables etc.
11. How do I rotate a 2D point?
In 2-D, the 2x2 matrix is very simple. If you want to rotate a column vector v by t degrees using matrix M, use
M = {{cos t, -sin t}, {sin t, cos t}} in M*v.
If you have a row vector, use the transpose of M (turn rows into columns and vice versa). If you want to combine rotations, in 2-D you can just add their angles, but in higher dimensions you must multiply their matrices.
12. How do I generate a bezier curve that is parallel to another bezier?
You can't. The only case where this is possible is when the bezier can be represented by a straight line. And then the parallel 'bezier' can also be represented by a straight line.
13. How do I find a t value at a specific point on a bezier?
In general, you'll need to find t closest to your search point. There are a number of ways you can do this, there's a chapter on finding the nearest point on the bezier curve. In my experience, digitizing the bezier curve is an acceptable method. You can also try recursively subdividing the curve, see if you point is in the convex hull of the control points, and checking is the control points are close enough to a linear line segment and find the nearest point on the line segment, using linear interpolation and keeping track of the subdivision level, you'll be able to find t.
14. How do I rotate a 3D point?
Assuming you want to rotate vectors around the origin of your coordinate system. (If you want to rotate around some other point, subtract its coordinates from the point you are rotating, do the rotation, and then add back what you subtracted.) In 3-D, you need not only an angle, but also an axis. (In higher dimensions it gets much worse, very quickly.) Actually, you need 3 independent numbers, and these come in a variety of flavors. The flavor I recommend is unit quaternions.
Arcball is a general purpose 3-D rotation controller described by Ken Shoemake in the Graphics Interface '92 Proceedings. It features good behavior, easy implementation, cheap execution, and optional axis constraints. A Macintosh demo and electronic version of the original paper (Microsoft Word format)
16. What is comp.ai.genetic all about?
The newsgroup comp.ai.genetic is intended as a forum for people who
want to use or explore the capabilities of Genetic Algorithms (GA),
Evolutionary Programming (EP), Evolution Strategies (ES), Classifier
Systems (CFS), Genetic Programming (GP), and some other, less well-
known problem solving algorithms that are more or less loosely
coupled to the field of Evolutionary Computation (EC).
17. Write a function that finds the last instance of a character in a string
char *lastchar(char *String, char ch)
{
char *pStr = NULL;
// traverse the entire string
while( * String ++ != NULL )
{
if( *String == ch )
pStr = String;
}
return pStr;
}
18. Return Nth the node from the end of the linked list in one pass.
Node * GetNthNode ( Node* Head , int NthNode )
{
Node * pNthNode = NULL;
Node * pTempNode = NULL;
int nCurrentElement = 0;
for ( pTempNode = Head; pTempNode != NULL; pTempNode = pTempNode->pNext )
{
nCurrentElement++;
if ( nCurrentElement - NthNode == 0 )
{
pNthNode = Head;
}
else
if ( nCurrentElement - NthNode > 0)
{
pNthNode = pNthNode ->pNext;
}
}
if (pNthNode )
{
return pNthNode;
}
else
return NULL;
}
19. Counting set bits in a number
First version:
int CoutSetBits(int Num)
{
for(int count=0; Num; Num >>= 1)
{
if (Num & 1)
count++;
}
return count;
}
Optimized version:
int CoutSetBits(int Num)
{
for(int count =0; Num; count++)
{
Num &= Num -1;
}
}
A sub algorithm is an independent component of an algorithm and for this reason is defined separately from the main algorithm. The purpose of a sub algorithm is to perform some computation when required, under control of the main algorithm. This computation may be performed on zero or more parameters passed by the calling routine.
21. Give the difference of format between an algorithm and a sub algorithm?
The format used is the same as for algorithms except that a return statement replaces an exit statement and a list of parameters follows the sub algorithms name. Although sub algorithms may invoke each other and that a sub algorithm may also invoke itself recursively
22. What is the general algorithm model for any recursive procedure?
Prologue: -Saves the parameters, local variables and returns addresses.
Body: -If the best criterion has been reached: then perform the final computation and go to step3, otherwise, perform the partial computation and go to step1.
Restore the most recently saved parameters, local variables and return address. Go to this return addresses.
23. Explain the function of KWIC_Create?
This algorithm analyses the input phrases and creates the three arrays needed in procedure KWIC_GEN.
24. Explain about the algorithm ORD_WORDS?
This algorithm constructs the vectors TITLE, KEYWORD and T_INDEX.
25. Name any three skills which are very important in order to work with generating functions.
The three most important skills which are used extensively while working with generating functions are
1)Manipulate summation expressions and their indices.
2)Solve algebraic equations and manipulate algebraic expressions, including partial function decompositions.
3)Identify sequences with their generating functions
