1. Please explain what Is The Kussmal Sign?
☛ Kussmaul's sign is the observation of a jugular venous pressure (JVP, the filling of the jugular vein) that rises with inspiration. It can be seen in some forms of heart disease. Ordinarily the JVP falls with inspiration due to reduced pressure in the expanding thoracic cavity.
☛ Kussmaul's sign suggests impaired filling of the right ventricle due to either fluid in the pericardial space or a poorly compliant myocardium or pericardium.
2. Do you know normal Jvd Is 6-8 Cm, What 5 Conditions Are Associated With Increased Jvd?
Congestive cardiac failure due to Ischemic heart disease Cor pulmonale Valvular heart disease like mitral stenosis Congenital heart disease like VSD Pericarditis and pericardial effusion.
3. Tell me can There Be Complications From Heart Surgery?
Complications from surgery may arise, but with improvements in technology, in surgical procedures and with more surgery being performed at a younger age, the risk of complications is continually being reduced.
The possible complications are related to the specific type of surgery being performed and they vary widely depending on the nature of the problem which requires surgery.
4. Explain me what Is Echocardiography?
Echocardiography - the use of ultrasound waves to create images of the heart chambers, valves and surrounding structures. Echocardiography can measure how well the heart is pumping blood (cardiac output), as well as determining levels of inflammation around the heart (pericarditis). Echocardiography can also be used to identify structural abnormalities or infections of the heart valves.
5. Tell me what about, like a victim of an April Fools joke?
I think that would be really unfortunate and would kind of make you have to rethink the whole tradition of April Fools' Day in general if mortality from cardiovascular disease goes up on April Fools' Day, I think we need to rethink why we have this holiday.
6. Tell me what do you mean by Cardiac Pacemaker?
A Cardiac Pacemaker is the Electrical System of the heart. It is initiated by the chemical impulses and controls the rhythms of the heart. It directly controls the heart rate.
7. Suppose we want to ask that why you have chosen the field of Cardiologist?
I chose the area of Cardiologist because of my interest in this field. I wanted to be capable enough to think about the people in need specially those died due to the heart diseases. I chose this because I identified myself devoted in this area to serve people.
8. Explain me what do you mean by Cardiomyopathy?
Sir, Cardiomyopathy is a kind of heart muscle disease which occurs after the failing and weakening of the function of the myocardium i.e. the actual heart muscle. It is an abnormal heart condition in which the heart is dilated i.e. having the poor pumping power, preventive i.e. impaired capability of the heart to fill, and hypertrophic means enlarged heart.
9. Can you name the diseases of Aorta and Carotid Arteries?
the diseases of Aorta is Coarctation of aorta, Aortic dissection and Aortic aneurysm and the diseases of Carotid Arteries are Carotid artery disease and Carotid artery dissection.
10. Tell me what advancement in your field has you the most excited?
I think we're getting at a point where the technology is becoming really personalized. It is really exciting that people come to us with the data that they've generated, either from their phones, from their smart phones, from what people have collected from wearables, and that their health literally is in their hands, and they are coming to us with what they've found.
Whereas traditionally, we do tests and we would say, "Well this is what we've found." Now they're coming to us with what they've found, and that's a really exciting thing because that really shifts the responsibility of cardiovascular care and risk reduction to where it should be, which is to the individual.
11. Explain me what Is Cardiac Electro Physiology?
Cardiac electrophysiology - the study of the mechanism, spread, and interpretation of the electric currents which occur inside heart muscle tissue - the system that generates the heart beat.
12. Please explain will My Child Be Considered For A Heart And/or Lung Transplant?
In a small number of children with severe heart problems, the doctors may discuss the possibility of a heart and/or lung transplant. There are many important aspects to the doctors' decision to recommend a transplant.
This procedure cannot be guaranteed as a long-term cure. The family will require extensive counselling before the decision is made. The hospital has a transplant co-ordinator who works with the cardiologist and surgeon.
Together they provide detailed information on the heart and/or lung transplant. The family will be provided with time for full discussion with the transplant team.
13. Tell us what Is Congestive Heart Failure, And What Are The Treatment Options?
Congestive heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump well enough to distribute blood and oxygen to the tissues of the body. It can be caused by a number of factors. The most common is chronic hypertension, or high blood pressure. Other conditions that may lead to heart failure are coronary artery disease, congenital heart disease, valve disease and either very fast or very slow heart rhythms. There are many treatment options for heart failure, including:
☛ Medical management with drugs such as ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) inhibitors.
☛ Repair or replacement of damaged valves.
☛ Coronary artery bypass graft.
☛ Cardiomyoplasty, or the use of skeletal muscle to assist the heart.
☛ Heart transplantation, reserved as a last mode of therapy.
14. Tell me what Is Peripheral Resistance?
It is the resistance ofeered to the flowing of blood by the vesselspresent in the Periphery ie the arteriole whose diameter varies between 100 to 4oo micromillimeter & also by the smooth muscle of the precapillary sphincter.
15. Tell us what Are The Positional Changes In Pain Noted By Patients With Pericarditis?
Pain due to pericarditis is usually aggravated by thoracic motion, cough, or deep breathing; it may be relieved by sitting up and leaning forward.
17. Tell me what Are The Electro Cardiogram Findings Of A Mobitz Type Ii Second Degree Av Block?
Non Progressive Prolonged PR interval with absent QRS complex depends on after no of regular P wave.
18. Explain me is There Only One Type Of Heart Failure?
The term congestive heart failure is often used to describe all patients with heart failure. In reality, congestion (the build up of fluid) is just one feature of the condition and does not occur in all patients. There are two main categories of heart failure–Systolic and Diastolic. However, within each category, symptoms and effects may differ from patient to patient.
The two categories are.
☛ Systolic heart failure: This occurs when the heart's ability to contract decreases. The heart cannot pump with enough force to push a sufficient amount of blood into the circulation. Blood coming into the heart from the lungs may back up and cause fluid to leak into the lungs, a condition known as Pulmonary congestion.
☛ Diastolic heart failure: This occurs when the heart has a problem relaxing. The heart cannot properly fill with blood because the muscle has become stiff, losing its ability to relax. This form may lead to fluid accumulation, especially in the feet, ankles, and legs. Some patients may have lung congestion.
Heart Failures are common Between 2 to 3 million Americans have heart failure, and 400,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. The condition is slightly more common among men than women and is twice as common among African Americans as whites.
19. Explain me will Subsequent Children Have Heart Problems?
In most families, abnormalities of the heart do not occur in siblings. In a few families, however, subsequent children may be affected. While it is inevitable that parents will be anxious about the health of their next baby, the risks are usually low. When one child has a congenital heart problem, the risk for the next pregnancy is usually between 2% and 4% (i.e. 1 in 50 to 1 in 25).
It is often possible to diagnose a major heart abnormality on an ultrasound scan carried out at around four months or later in the pregnancy. Mothers who have had a previous child with a heart problem will naturally hope that any new baby will be healthy. If they wish to have a scan in subsequent pregnancies, they will need to be referred to one of the experts in this specialised field. Such scans will usually be carried out at one of the major obstetric units in Melbourne or at the Royal Children's Hospital.
20. Tell me why did you specialize in cardiology?
I think you can really do a lot in cardiology because you can take care of the individual person across the way from you, but there's also a large public health component to it, in so far as trying to get your community to be more active. And that's just a fascinating part in America because we're so heavily dependent on our cars and we don't walk, we don't cycle around our neighborhoods anymore, stuff like that.
21. Tell us what are the various types of Diagnostic tests?
They are:
☛ Blood tests,
☛ Echocardiogram,
☛ Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance,
☛ Cardiac Stress test and
☛ Listening with the Stethoscope i.e. Auscultation.
It also includes ECG or EKG i.e. Electrocardiogram.
I have done my specialization in the field of Cardiology and Surgery and Diseases of Special Organs and Systems. I have chosen this area because I love to accompany with the children. I also know that if an infant is cured at the early age there will be a dream world free from the diseases.
23. Explain me what do you know about the heart that everybody else should know?
You really can make a positive change to your risk of having a heart attack. Really, it is not something that you need to give up on. And even if you've had a historical lifestyle of smoking, not exercising, eating fatty foods, your destiny is not to have a heart attack. You can actually change your destiny and really reduce your risk of having a heart attack by stopping smoking, actively exercising, losing weight, etc. So I think that's really just key to be aware of.
24. Tell us will My Child Need A Pacemaker?
A pacemaker is a device used to keep control of heart rhythm and rate, if the heart cannot control its own rate or rhythm adequately. Many infants and children experience temporary problems with their heart rate or rhythm in the early period after surgery. Therefore a temporary pacemaker is usually attached for a few days.
The pacemaker wires (which connect the device to the heart) are sewn to the outside of the heart at the time of an operation and emerge through the skin to be attached to the pacemaker, which remains outside the body. These wires will be removed after a few days, when the heart rhythm is normal and the child is recovering. The wires can be pulled out without reopening the wound and this does not damage the heart.
In a few children there may be a need to fit a permanent pacemaker. This is connected to the heart with one or two wires (a much longer lasting equivalent of the pacemaker wires referred to above).
The wires may be introduced either through a vein (and then attached to the inside of the heart), or at an operation (if they need to be connected to the outside of the heart). The pacemaker itself varies in size from a very tiny unit (the size of a twenty cent coin), which can be used for small babies, up to something more like a small pocket watch. The device may be placed under the skin in the upper abdomen or in front of an armpit.
The batteries in these pacemakers last for many years. The pacemaker, its wires and battery all need to be checked regularly (normally every six months) at an outpatient appointment. They will need to be surgically replaced if faulty.
25. Tell us how Does The Normal Heart Work?
The normal heart is composed of four chambers. The two upper chambers (called atriums or atria) are reservoirs which collect blood as it flows back to the heart. From the atriums, blood flows into the lower two chambers (called ventricles) which pump blood, with each heart beat, into the main arteries. From the right side of the heart one of these arteries (the pulmonary artery) carries blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation. The left side of the heart pumps blood into the other main artery (the aorta), which takes blood to the rest of the body.
The two ventricles and the two atriums are separated by partitions called 'septums'. The partition between the atriums is called the 'atrial septum' and the one separating the two ventricles is the 'ventricular septum'. Dark red deoxygenated blood (shown blue in diagram) returns to the right atrium from the body through the two main veins called the 'superior vena cava' and 'inferior vena cava'. It is pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs for replenishment with oxygen. The dark blood becomes bright red (shown red in diagram) in the lungs when oxygen is taken up. This red blood returns through two veins from each lung, to the left atrium and is pumped by the left ventricle to the body again.
The heart has its own internal pacemaker which controls its rhythmical beating. It creates an electrical impulse which causes firstly the atriums, and secondly the ventricles, to contract in turn. With each contraction the blood is pumped, then the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers refill with blood, ready for the next contraction.
