1. What are the positional changes in pain noted by patients with pericarditis?
Pain due to pericarditis is usually aggravated by thoracic
motion, cough, or deep breathing; it may be relieved by
sitting up and leaning forward
for return to normal range is between 36 to 72 hours
Kussmaul's sign is the observation of a jugular venous
pressure (JVP, the filling of the jugular vein) that rises
with inspiration. It can be seen in some forms of heart
disease.
Ordinarily the JVP falls with inspiration due to
reduced pressure in the expanding thoracic cavity.
Kussmaul's sign suggests impaired filling of the right
ventricle due to either fluid in the pericardial space or a
poorly compliant myocardium or pericardium.
4. What is the best most specific and sensitive indicator for a Re-Myocardial Infartion(Post MI)?
CPK-MB's Coz they return normal after 4-5 days but the
Troponins are raised for 4 weeks after 1st MI.
5. Describe the classical signs of mitral stenosis?
diastolic rumple
6. What is peripheral resistance?
It is the resistance ofeered to the flowing of blood by the
vesselspresent in the Periphery ie the arteriole whose
diameter varies between 100 to 4oo micromillimeter & also by
the smooth muscle of the precapillary sphincter.
7. Who really performed the first open heart surgery, Daniel Hale Williams, or Ludwig Rehn?
daniel hale williams
9. What are the most common causes of cardiovascular related syncope?
Arrhythmias and neurocardiogenic syncope.
10. How often does rupture of the pulmonary artery occur with right heart catheterization?
0.2% of the time.
5 times
11. What is the effect of inspiration on the return of venous blood to the heart?
due to negative intrathoracic pressure and antigravity direction valvesprevent backward flow of blood
12. What are the electocardiogram findings of a Mobitz type II second degree AV block?
Non Progressive Prolonged PR interval with absent QRS
complex depends on after no of regular P wave.
13. How often will the EKG be abnormal in patients having an MI?
85% of PATIENTS having MI show evidence on EKG.
14. Normal JVD is 6-8 cm, what 5 conditions are associated with increased JVD?
Congestive cardiac failure
due to
Ischemic heart disease
Cor pulmonale
Valvular heart disease like mitral stenosis
Congenital heart disease like VSD
Pericarditis and pericardial effusion
15. What are the reversible causes of pulseless electrical activity?
6 H's and 6 T's...
hypovolemia
hypothermia
hypoxia
hypo/hyperkalemia
hypoglycemia
hydrogens (acidosis)
trauma
tablets/toxins
thrombosis (MI)
thrombosis (PE)
tension PTX
tamponade
