Animals eat, therefore they produce manure. Manure has an odor. Dairy farmers work hard to minimize these odors by maintaining clean facilities, following proper manure storage practices, and properly applying manure as a natural fertilizer for cropland. In some cases, farms are required to implement an odor management plan. Research and development has inspired new practices and innovative technologies to help farmers maintain clean air for everyone. Dairy farmers care about air quality; their families live and work on their farms and breathe the air, too.
2. Does organic milk taste better?
The taste of milk, regardless of whether it is organically or conventionally produced, can differ slightly from carton to carton and season to season. Factors that may impact taste include location of the farm, breed of the cow, variations in cows' feed from farm to farm, and even the time of year. Milk that is ultra-high temperature pasteurized for longer freshness may have a slightly different taste. People should do their own "taste test" to see what type of milk they prefer.
3. How many breeds of dairy cattle are there?
There are six main breeds of dairy cows: Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein, Jersey and Milking Shorthorn. A seventh, Red and White, is a variation of the Holstein breed.
4. Is organic milk fresher than regular milk?
Probably not. Most milk, including organic and regular milk, is delivered to stores within a few days of milking. However, some organic milk has an extended shelf life if it has undergone ultra-high temperature pasteurization.
5. What do you call male and female dairy animals?
Males are called bulls. Females, prior to giving birth, are called calves or heifers. After they give birth, female dairy animals are called cows.
6. Is raw milk better for those with lactose intolerance?
No. The enzyme required to break down lactose, known as lactase, is produced in the human body and is not present in either raw or pasteurized milk. People with lactose intolerance lack this enzyme. Whether milk is raw or pasteurized is irrelevant to lactose digestibility.
7. What is bST or BGH (bovine somatotropin or bovine growth hormone)?
Cows naturally produce bovine somatotropin (bST) in their pituitary gland; it directs how energy and nutrients are used for growth in young cattle and for milk production in lactating cows. Dairy farmers may choose to use rbST to help cows produce more milk. In either situation - whether bovine somatotropin (bST) produced by the cow or by recombinant DNA technology (rbST) - no differences can be detected in the animal or the milk produced by that animal.
8. What do farms do with all the manure?
Dairy cow manure is always put to good use. Most of it is spread on the fields as a natural source of fertilizer. Using manure to fertilize the soil has many advantages, including water conservation. Manure increases the water-holding capacity of soil by 20 percent, so less groundwater is needed to grow crops. Manure can also be composted and sold to local garden stores. Some farmers dry it and use it as a bedding source similar to sawdust. There are even farmers in the US who are able to turn their manure into energy using methane digesters.
9. Do antibiotics used on farms result in antibiotic resistance in humans?
Research shows that the overall health consequences of antimicrobial resistance of dairy pathogens affecting humans appears to be small, and is likely not a human health concern, as long as the milk is pasteurized. No matter the type of dairy farm, antibiotics are only given when they are necessary to treat and cure an animal's illness. They are only given for a prescribed time to treat the specific illness. The milk from cows undergoing treatment never reaches the food supply.
10. What is the carbon footprint of milk?
A study conducted by the Applied Sustainability Center of the University of Arkansas found that the carbon footprint of one gallon of milk, from farm to table, is 17.6 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) per gallon of milk produced on US farms. The total fluid milk carbon footprint is approximately 35 million metric tons, which means that total US dairy greenhouse gas emissions are only about 2 percent of total US emissions, far lower than had been previously reported.
11. Why would farmers treat a cow with antibiotics?
It is important to note that dairy cows are not routinely treated with antibiotics. When illness requires that a cow be treated, antibiotics are administered according strict FDA guidelines, which include withholding milk from sale. When a cow's milk is withheld, she is given special care and attention separate from the rest of milking herd until her milk tests free of antibiotics. Learn more
12. Do dairy farms use too much water?
No, dairy farmers use water responsibly and judiciously. Many conservation technologies are in place so that as little water as possible is used. For example, water used to clean the milking parlor is reused to clean feed alleys and then to irrigate fields. Using manure to fertilize the soil has many advantages, including water conservation. Manure increases the water-holding capacity of soil by 20 percent, so less groundwater is needed to grow crops.
13. Does pasteurization affect milk quality?
No scientific evidence shows any meaningful difference between the nutritional values of pasteurized and unpasteurized (raw) milk. In addition, vitamin D, which is not found in significant amounts in raw milk, is added to pasteurized milk, making it an even more nutritious product. It is important to understand that pasteurizing milk does not cause lactose intolerance or allergic reactions. Both raw milk and pasteurized milk can cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to milk proteins.
14. Do dairy farms produce a lot of greenhouse gases?
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emission Report, dairy production contributes less than 1 percent of US greenhouse gas emissions. And dairy farmers and other sin the dairy community have committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent by 2020.
Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. Today, producing a pound of milk takes three times less methane than it did in 1924 because of the many efficiencies practiced by dairy farmers. Dairy farmers are continuing to find ways to further reduce methane emissions by feeding grains and high-quality forage and by continuing to use other tools such as genetic improvement and superior herd management, according to researchers.
15. Do large farms pay as much attention to animal care as small farms?
A cow's health is of utmost importance to every dairy farmer regardless of the size of the farm. Proper animal care leads to the production of high-quality milk. Nutritious diets, healthy living conditions and good veterinary care are essential for a healthy cow herd. Like other business owners, many dairy farm families are expanding to improve efficiency. These improvements help support families and provide consumers with high-quality, affordable milk and dairy foods. Dairy farms have also modernized and become larger to allow siblings, children or other family members to join the family business. The USDA estimates the average dairy farm in the US is about 200 cows.
16. Do dairy farmers practice sustainable farming methods?
Yes. By combining scientific advancements and on-farm sensibilities, dairy farmers continually look for new ways to be sustainable. Examples of sustainable farming practices include crop rotation to mitigate weeds and improve soil quality, the introduction of beneficial insects to control harmful pests, no-tillage or reduced tillage crop farming for soil and fuel conservation, and the use of new products with enhanced environmental benefits. Today, approximately 41 percent of crop land is cultivated using conservation tillage techniques that leave at least 30 percent of the previous crop residue after planting. This reduces erosion, retains soil moisture and conserves fuel.
17. What's different about organic farms?
U.S. dairy farmers are committed to assuring that their animals are well cared for and that proper attention is given to the use of natural resources, no matter if the farm is organic or conventional. There are strict guidelines from government agencies for all dairy farms, including sanitation, use of veterinary products, and environmental management. Organic dairy foods must additionally meet the requirements of USDA's National Organic Program. This includes using only organic fertilizers and pesticides, and not using rbST. Dairy foods can be labeled "USDA Organic" only if all of the additional criteria are met.
18. Do dairy farmers really care about the environment?
Yes. Dairy farmers live and work on their farms, so it's important for them to protect the land, water and air for their families, their surrounding communities and future generations. All dairy farms must meet the standards for manure storage, handling and recycling set out for them by their state and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Caring for the environment is a responsibility dairy farmers share with their local community. Good environmental practices are essential to a dairy farm's success and leave a positive legacy for future generations.
19. Is raw milk safe to drink?
No. The word "raw milk" might sound natural and good, but raw milk is not safe. According to the Food and Drug Administration, raw milk can harbor dangerous microorganisms that can pose serious health risks to those who drink it.
Why? Raw milk is milk that has not been pasteurized. Pasteurization is a process that kills harmful bacteria potentially found in raw milk by heating milk until it reaches 161 degrees Fahrenheit for more than 15 seconds and then rapidly cooled. This simple process is extremely effective at killing bacteria, while maintaining milk's nutritional value. Pasteurization is just one step dairy farmers take to ensure the dairy foods you love are safe.
The American Academy of Pediatrics, along with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), recommend pasteurized milk and dairy products as the safe choice, especially for infants. It's a matter of food safety.
20. Is my milk from local dairy farms?
Milk comes from family farms in local communities across the country. There are about 55,000 dairy farms located throughout the US and more than 500 fluid milk processing establishments. There are dairy farms in all 50 states, 98 percent of which are family owned. The other two percent include farms which are university-owned, company-owned (such as Purina and Hoard's Dairyman) and corporately-owned (such as Horizon Organics).
An extensive research study found that it takes about 48 hours (2 days) for milk to travel from the farm to the grocery store. The Midwest is home to more than 9,500 dairy farms and 200 dairy food processing plants. Dairy farm families are committed to producing wholesome, nutritious milk and dairy foods. They depend on US and international markets for the milk they produce. Besides grocery stores, milk from Midwest dairy farms can be found at convenience stores and restaurant such as 7-Eleven, McDonald's, Domino's, and Pizza Ranch.
21. Why have dairy farms become so large and industrial?
Like other business owners, many dairy farm families are expanding to improve efficiencies. These improvements provide you with high-quality, affordable milk and dairy foods. Dairy farms have modernized to provide better cow care, improve milk quality, and use fewer natural resources. Many have also become larger to allow siblings, children or other family members to join the family business. The USDA estimates the average dairy farm in the US is about 200 cows.
All dairy farmers, regardless of their farms' size or ownership, follow strict regulations and best management practices for the health of their families, their cows and their neighbors. The look of the family farm and the technologies may have changed, but the traditional values of caring for the land and animals continue.
22. What's the difference between organic milk and regular milk?
Research can find no difference between organic and regular milk in quality, safety or nutrition. Both contain nine essential nutrients. For example, a 2008 study published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association analyzed the composition of milk labeled organic, "rbST-free" and regular milk, and found that the label claims were not related to any meaningful differences in milk composition. Organic milk is one choice among many in the dairy case.
23. How do we know dairy farmers are taking good care of the cows on their farms?
In addition to carrying out their individual commitments to their cows, dairy farmers and the dairy community have created FARM (Farmers Assuring Responsible Management), a nationwide, verifiable animal well-being program that brings consistency and uniformity to on-farm animal care and production practices. The FARM program supports farmers with education on animal care and provides the public with added assurance of proper animal care.
24. Who sets the price of milk at the grocery store and how much does the farmer receive?
Farmers do not set the milk price. Wholesale and retail prices are determined by a complex formula of supply and demand, along with other factors. There is often a variance in the retail price of milk from store to store, and from city to city. This is because grocery retailers, mass merchandisers, convenience stores and drug stores determine their retail prices differently, taking into account processing, transportation and marketing costs. According to recent USDA data, on average, dairy farmers receive about 30 cents of every dollar consumers spend on food.
25. Is rbST safe for my family?
Since rbST was approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the early 1990s, its safety has been reaffirmed by the scientific community. Scientists tell us that rbST is species-specific, meaning that it is biologically inactive in humans. Also, pasteurization destroys 90 percent of bST and rbST in milk. Any trace amounts of bovine somatotropin that remain after pasteurization of milk are broken down in the human gut into inactive protein fragments, like any other dietary protein. Numerous scientific studies have shown there is no significant difference between milk from rbST-supplemented and non-rbST-supplemented cows. For this reason, the FDA has established that dairy products from cows treated with rbST do not need to be labeled.
26. How have dairy farmers made strides to reduce the environmental impact of producing milk?
According to Cornell University, the dairy community has already reduced its carbon footprint by more than 63 percent between 1944 and 2007, due to improved cow nutrition, cow comfort, quality of the animals, and other improvements. Compared to farms in 1960, USDA statistics show that US dairy farms today are producing almost three times more milk with about half the number of cows. In addition, milk performed better than other beverages in the 2010 Nutrient Density to Climate Impact (NDCI) Index, which compared nutrient density to climate impact.
27. Why can't farming look like it did 40 years ago?
Farming - also referred to as production agriculture - is about feeding the world. According to US Census Bureau data, the world population in 1961 was about 3 billion people; today it exceeds 6.9 billion. By 2050, it is estimated that more than 9 billion people will inhabit the planet. In 1961, the US population was about 184 million people. In 2010, it was more than 308 million, a 67 percent increase.
If agriculture today were no more productive than it was in1961, it would require expanding farm land by more than 60 percent, or the food supply per person would be that much smaller. Today, it takes less than half as much land on a per person basis to produce our meat, dairy and poultry supply compared to 45 years ago. Increases in agricultural productivity have made this possible.
American farmers provide people with more high-quality food than ever before. In fact, one farmer now supplies food for more than 150 people in the US and abroad compared with just 25.8 people in1960 - and on less land every year. Production of food worldwide rose in the past half century, with the World Bank estimating that between 70 and 90 percent of the increase resulted from modern farming practices rather than more acres cultivated. Efficiency is one of the core elements of sustainability.
28. What about claims that organic milk contains no pesticides, antibiotics or hormones?
The definition of organic milk refers to farm management practices, not to the milk itself. Stringent government standards ensure that both organic milk and regular milk are wholesome, safe and nutritious. The same rigorous testing is done for all milk.
29. How much milk does a cow give each day?
Most dairy cows are milked two to three times per day. On average, a cow will produce six to seven gallons of milk each day.
30. If I buy organic, am I doing more to help support small family farms?
There are large and small farms that produce both conventional and organic types of milk. Organic farming has more to do with farm management practices than the size of the farm itself. Of the 55,000 dairy farms in America today, the majority are smaller farms with less than 200 cows. The vast majority of US farms - big and small - are family owned and operated.
31. How much has dairy farming changed in the past 30 or 40 years?
Dairy farming has changed in so many ways. Technology has played a huge role in the industry, from computerized milking equipment to global positioning systems (GPS) on our tractors. Dairy farms today are much more efficient than those in the past. Nationwide, there are far fewer dairy farmers and dairy cows than there were 30 or 40 years ago, yet we produce a lot more milk.
32. Is there a difference between regular milk, certified-organic milk and milk from grass-fed cows?
What dairy cows eat as well as their breed and stage of lactation can affect the composition of the milk, however these small differences do not impact human health. Cows on organic farms spend the grazing season (at least 120 days per year) on green pasture, and they usually benefit from supplemental feed to fulfill protein requirements. In non-grazing season, cows on organic farms eat the same type of feed that's given to cows on other dairy farms, except the ingredients must be certified organic. USDA has a separate standard for dairy foods that are labeled "grass-fed". Grass-fed dairy cows must get a majority of their nutrients from grazing on pasture throughout their lives, while the pasture diet of dairy cows on certified-organic farms may be supplemented with up to 70% grain.
33. Group Based Dairy Farm Manager interview questions:
► What are three positive character traits you don't have?
► What are your weaknesses?
► What do you feel is the best educational preparation for this Dairy Farm Manager job?
► How would you describe your work style?
► How do you reach a decision if you don't have all the facts?
► What type of management style do you thrive under?
► What have you gained from your Dairy Farm Manager work experiences?
34. Professional Dairy Farm Manager interview questions:
► How do you determine your priorities when you have multiple projects?
► What are the most important rewards you expect in your business career?
► What led you to choose your field of major study?
► In what ways have your college experiences prepared you for a career?
► How have you benefited from your disappointments?
► Why do you want to work here?
► What was the toughest problem you had to solve?
35. Situational Dairy industry interview questions:
► How have you changed in the last five years?
► What problems have you encountered at work?
► What parts of your education do you see as relevant to this position?
► What have you been doing since your last job?
► What relevant experience do you have?
Never interrupt - even where the question is obvious, wait for the interviewer to finish before your reply. No matter the question, applicants should provide positive, result-oriented responses.
Limit your answer to your career background and experience.
