Hormones that are responsible for the induction of sexual differentiation and produce secondary male physical characteristics such as a deep voice and facial hair. An example is the hormone testosterone. They are also present in females as precursors to female hormones (such as estrogen).
2. What is BUN - blood urea nitrogen?
The urea concentration of serum or plasma, specified in terms of nitrogen content; an important indicator of renal function. (urea is the chief nitrogenous end-product of protein metabolism, formed in the liver from amino acids and from ammonia compounds).
resembling fibrin; an eosinophilic, homogeneous, proteinacious material that is frequently formed on the walls of blood vessels and connective tissue in some patients (e.g with disseminated lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, etc.). fibrinoid necrosis - results in acidophilic (eosinophilic) deposits with staining reactions that resemble fibrin in connective tissue, blood vessel walls and other sites.
an inflammation of a diverticulum, especially those in the wall of the colon which fill with fecal matter and become inflamed. May cause bleeding or obstruction or may burst.
Type of white blood cell (leukocyte), with coarse granules that stain blue when exposed to a basic dye. Basophils normally constitute 1% or less of the total white blood cell count but may increase or decrease in certain diseases.
resulting from the activity of physicians; usually used for any adverse condition in a patient resulting from treatment by a physician or surgeon. Derived from iatr(o) (Gr) - medicine, physician. iatric - pertaining to medicine or a physician.
diethylystilbestrol; a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen; females exposed to it in uteroare subject to increased risk of vaginal and cervical carcinoma..
A compound that contains at least one hydrogen atom and can react with a base to form a salt; a chemical with a pH less than 7. An example of acid in the body is hydrochloric acid (HCl) involved in digestion in the stomach.
A condition or illness that arises slowly over days or weeks and may or may not resolve with treatment. It is the opposite of acute.
rupture of the cell nucleus in which the chromatin disintegrates into formless granules that are extruded from the cell.
the extracellular protein substance deposited in amyloidosis. It is a waxy, amorphous, eosinophilic, hyalinelike material that exhibits red-green birefringence under polarized light when stained with Congo red.
Amyloid deposits are composed of straight, non-branching fibrils with a diameter of 7.5 to 10 nm and indefinite length. Each fibril is composed of identical polypeptide chains arranged in stacked antiparallel beta-pleated sheets (this is what impar ts the characteristic birefringence under polarized light).
a benign tumour-like nodule composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues normally present in the affected part, but with disorganization and often with one element predominating.
13. What is CT (computerized tomograph)?
sophisticated radiologic technique yielding a detailed image of internal body structures. Also CAT - computerized axial tomography.
the distinguishing of one thing from another; the act or process of acquiring completely individual characters; increase in morphological or chemical heterogeneity.
yellowness of the skin, sclera, mucous membranes and excretions due to increased bilirubin in the blood and deposition of bile pigments.
unique, pink or red rod-shaped inclusions that are seen in very immature granulocytes ("blasts") in people with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (i.e., acute myeloid leukemia; AML)
one of a group of proteins released by cells of the immune system that carry signals to neighboring cells to regulate and/or promote an immune response
A condition in which there is a shift in the acid-base balance of the body to have more acid than normal, often causing the pH of the blood and body tissues to fall below the healthy range (7.35-7.45). It may be caused by decreased CO2 eliimination in respiratory disorders such as emphysema, by metabolic problems such as kidney disease and diabetes, or as the result of ingesting poisons (ethlylene glycol, methanol) or overdosing on certain medication (salicylates); it can also be caused by losing HCO3, as in diarrhea.
a fluid with a high concentration of protein and cellular debris which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues, or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation.
an instrument used for inspecting the interior of the windpipe and bronchial tree to carry out diagnostic (taking specimens for culture and biopsy) or therapeutic (removing a foreign object) maneuvers.
The use of substances or procedures to improve athletic performance and give an athlete an unfair advantage over other competitors.
A collection of boils caused by an infection of a large area of skin involving several hair follicles and deeper layers of tissue; the area often has several openings for pus drainage and sloughing dead tissue
To adjust the output or reading from a testing device to assure that it gives a correct answer; the adjustment is based on measurement of one or more known substances called standards (or calibrators).
24. What is liqefactive necrosis?
a type of necrosis characterized by dull, opaque, partly or completely fluid remains of tissue, observed in abscesses and frequently in infarcts of brain.
a compound when dissolved in water separates into charged particles. Electrolytes play an essential role in the workings of cells maintaining fluid balance and acid-base balance.
carcinoma in situ; a neoplasm where the tumor cells are still confined to the epithelium of origin without invasion of the basement membrane (likelihood of subsequent invasive growth is presumed to be high)..
Escape of fluid from blood vessels or lymphatic system into a body cavity or space
1. Drug that delays blood clotting (e.g., heparin, warfarin); used in patients with or at risk for blood clots
2. Substance used to prevent clotting in blood used for transfusions and certain laboratory tests
The amount of time it takes for the body to inactivate or metabolize half of a substance; a second half-life would decrease the remainder by half again, and so on.
30. What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?
The unique genetic code found in all living cells (bacteria, viruses, parasites, plants, and animals).
31. What is acute Phase Reactant?
A protein that increases or decreases in concentration with conditions that cause acute tissue inflammation or trauma.
an instrument to visually examine the interior of a hollow organ such as the colon, intestine or bladder; endoscopy is the procedure.
33. Explain me what is amino acid(s)?
the basic building block of protein; there are 20 common amino acid types and their sequence will determine the properties and function of each protein.
A condition in which the airways are stretched and/or widened that can be caused by recurrent inflammation or infection of the airways and results in symptoms such as bluish skin, coughing and wheezing, and shortness of breath
35. What is acute Myelocytic Leukemia?
bone marrow disease that is characterized by the production of large numbers of an immature granulocyte (a neutrophil -- the most common, basophil, or eosinophil) that replace other normal cells in the marrow.
