1. What is cognitive approach?
cognitive approach a theoretical framework of human and animal learning which olds that both humans and animals acquire and store mental representations of knowledge, cognitions, such as what is where, cognitive maps or what leads to what, expectancies, this contrasts with theories of instrumental learning such a s Skinner', which assert that learning consists of the strengthening or weakening of particular tendencies
2. What is availability heuristic?
availability heuristic the decision-making shortcut whereby one's judgment is biased from using the information that most readily comes to mind
3. What is cognitive dissonance theory?
cognitive dissonance theory Leon Festinger's consistency theory, which states that inconsistency between cognitions produces discomfort (dissonance), leading a person to act to restore consistency in order to remove that discomfort. For example, when we realize that we have behaved in a way that is inconsistent with out attitudes, we may change out attitudes to reduce the dissonance caused by having those inconsistent cognitions
4. What is automatic processing?
automatic processing the encoding of information, particularly related to tme, space, and frequency of events in addition to well-learned information that occurs outside of conscious awareness and requires little attention or effort, and is of unknown capacity
5. What is biological universals?
biological universals the biological elements that are common among all the members of a species, for human being, these include body structure, dependency of newborn children, year-round sexuality, and a complex brain structure
delirium tremens syndrome of highly unpleasant withdrawal symptoms (i.e., hallucinations, vomiting, uncontrolled trembling, and muscle spasms) that occurs as a consequence of abstinence from intoxicating substances after a period of long-term heavy use
7. What is central nervous system?
central nervous system one of the major divisions of the human nervous system, it consists of the brain, spinal cord, optic nerves, and retina, and is primarily responsible for storing and processing information
8. What is anterograde amnesia?
anterograde amnesia a disruption of memory consolidation process that occurs when a blow to the head interferes with the formation of memory of events immediately following the blow
color deficiency the inability of people with normal acuity to see certain colors, owing to a deficit in one or more of the three types of retinal cones, the most common is the inability to distinguish red and green
10. Explain what is association cortex?
association cortex region of the cortex that is not programmed for sensory or motor activities were higher mental processing involved in thought, learning, and memory occurs, this region is involved in the integration of sensory information or motor commands
cochlea a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains the basilar membrane whose deformation by sound-produced pressure stimulates the auditory receptors
12. What is conditioned response (CR)?
conditioned response (CR) a response elicited by some initially neutral stimulus, the conditioned stimulus (CS), as a result of pairing between that CS and an unconditioned stimulus (US), the CR and the unconditioned response are typically not identical, though they are often similar
13. Explain what is differentiation?
differentiation a progressive change from the general to the particular and from the simpler to the more complex which characterizes embryological development, according to some theorists, the same patters holds for the development of behavior after birth
amniocentesis a medical technique used after the sixteenth week of pregnancy whereby a sample of amniotic fluid is drawn from the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus, an analysis of the fluid enables doctors to determine whether the fetus has certain chromosomal abnormalities
15. What is autoimmune diseases?
autoimmune diseases a class of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, that are characterized by a disruption of the chemical communication system that regulates the immune system, instead of attacking antigens, the immune system attacks healthy tissues of the body and causes inflammation or deterioration
16. What is binocular disparity?
binocular disparity when both eyes are focused on the same object, the difference in the retinal position of the object's image in the left and right eyes provides a cue for depth perception
culture a people's way of life, including material goods, social institutions, and the symbols, concepts, values, beliefs, norms, habits, skills, and other learned capabilities acquired by human beings and transmitted across generations
18. What is cannon-Bard theory?
Cannon-Bard theory the perspective that suggests that when we are exposed to emotion-provoking events or stimuli, we simultaneously experience both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotions
19. What is attachment behaviors?
attachment behaviors the signals, e.g., crying, smiling, reaching, and clinging from infants that trigger responsiveness in caregivers, increasing the likelihood of attachment
blind spot the place on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eyeball that lacks rods or cones, the brain fills in information to compensate for the lack of receptors in this area
21. What is artificial intelligence?
artificial intelligence the programming in a computer that instructs it to behave in intelligent ways, as in simulating human knowledge and skills to accomplish a task, as well as the branch of computer science concerned with such programming
22. What is diffusion of responsibility?
diffusion of responsibility a decrease in a person's individual sense of responsibility to help in an emergency that occurs when bystanders are present, the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely a helping response is to occur
23. What is culturally sensitive therapy?
culturally sensitive therapy therapy designed to be responsive to variations of values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors across cultures, when dealing with disadvantaged groups, it avoids blaming the victim and recognizes that behaviors defined as abnormal by the dominant society may be coping strategies necessary for survival
24. What is behavioral medicine?
behavioral medicine an interdisciplinary field which encompasses scientific research, education, and practice focusing on the relation between behaviors to health, illness, and related physiological problems
anal stage according to Freud, the second stage of childhood development, which occurs between one to three years of age, in which psychic energy becomes focused on anal activities, such as defecation
26. Tell us what training model did you pursue in your graduate studies?
The applicant should mention both the scientist model and the scientist-practitioner model although they will have to have chosen only one while in graduate school. Their answer determines whether their training was in a program that emphasized research or clinical practice. A Ph.D. from a scientist model program prepares them for a career in research. They aren't trained in the practice of psychology and cannot obtain employment as therapists. Those trained in the scientist-practitioner model, aka the Boulder Model, trains the graduate student in both clinical practice and research methods. These Ph.D.s may forge a career in academia, teaching and researching or in clinical practice or both. What to look for in an answer:
Graduate studies training model knowledge
Educational specifics
Application of graduate studies to career development
distinctiveness the extent to which a person's behavior is unique, that is the extent to which a given behavior does or does not occur across different situations, in Kelley's theory, this is one piece of information used to determine whether people make dispositional or situational attributions for behavior
28. What is concrete operational stage?
concrete operational stage in Piaget's theory, the developmental period from about ages six to eleven, at this time, the child has acquired mental operations that allow her or him to abstract some essential attributes or reality, such as number and substance, but these operations are as yet applicable to only concrete events and cannot be considered entirely in the abstract
29. What is borderline personality disorder?
borderline personality disorder a personality disorder characterized by distrust, impulsive and self-destructive behavior, and difficulty in controlling anger and other emotions
auditory nerve one of the basic structures of the ear formed by the axons of all the hair cells on the basilar membrane, this structure carries information about sounds to the brain for further processing
31. Please explain what types of counseling sessions are you most comfortable with?
Clinical psychologists typically have experience in different counseling settings. For example, some candidates specialize in individual therapy with adults while others work primarily with children. Some therapists enjoy and have experience in marital or partner therapies whereas others may be very strong at running group sessions. Matching your applicant's understanding with the type of sessions demanded the most at your practice will be important. What to look for in an answer:
Experience in the setting you require
Understanding of individual, marital and group therapy
Willingness to grow into new areas
32. Tell us what is your greatest strength as a psychologist?
The applicant's answer should relate their expertise and specialization areas. Potential specializations within the field of psychology include assessment, child development, cognitive psychology, group therapy and psychoanalysis. While the applicant should exhibit skill and experience in all areas of psychology and therapy, they should convey their specific strengths and specialty in this response. They should enumerate relevant prior experience. What to look for in an answer:
Enumeration of strengths relevant to the position
Description of special skills or interests in the field
Evidence of a motivation that is in line with the kind of psychology
superego according to Freudian theory, one of the basic structures of the personality, it is the partially unconscious area of the mind that contains and enforces people's values, morals, and basic attitudes that they learned from their parents and society
consensus the extent to which a person's reactions in response to an event are shared by others, in Kelley's theory, this is one piece of information used to determine whether people make dispositional or situational attributions for behavior
35. What is classical conditioning?
classical conditioning the learning of a new response to a stimulus by pairing the stimulus with another stimulus that already elicits the response
